Appendix · Guide & Notice

temporarily chosen to represent it as Hanul-A. In the future,
    with proper restoration and recognition of its phonetic value,
    it should be renamed ‘Hanul ㆍ’.
    The sound of ㆍ is estimated to correspond to IPA symbols
    such as [ʌ], [ɤ], or [ɒ]; here, we represent it with [ʌ]. In
    English, it is close to the vowel sound in “uh” or “aw”.
    Dr. Kim Seulong explains it as: “The lips form like ㅓ, the
    tongue is positioned like ㅗ — it sounds like ㅓ, but is closer
    to ㅗ.”
    Today, because its pronunciation is similar to ㅏ and it
    appears beneath consonants, it is commonly called Arae-a.
    However, the character was removed from the Hangul
    vowel system starting with the 1912 Orthography for
    Elementary Schools during the Japanese occupation.
    Both the name and its removal from Hangul need to be
    corrected.


    Single letter and syllable (낱소리, 온소리)

    ㅇ and ㅡ are considered single characters (phonemes, 낱글
    자, Natgeulja). The sound of a single character is called a
    single sound(낱소리, Natsori). When an initial consonant
    like ㅇ and a medial vowels like ㅡ are combined to form a



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