Appendix · Additional Notes

Modern
      Literal
               Phonetics
     Translati             Letters and IPA       Description    Hangul
               (Standard
        on
                English)
             Velar    ㄱㅋㄲㆁ                  The back of the
      Molar
             Consonan ㄱ /k/, ㅋ /kʰ/, ㄲ /k/, tongue touches the 엄소리
      Sounds                                soft palate (velum).
             ts       ㆁ /ŋ/
            Coronal ㄷ ㅌ ㄸ ㄴ                   The tongue tip
     Tongue
            Consonan ㄷ /t/, ㅌ /tʰ/, ㄸ /t/, touches the alveolar 혓소리
     Sounds                                   ridge or the teeth.
            ts         ㄴ /n/

       Lip
            Labial     ㅂ   ㅍ    ㅃ   ㅁ         The lips press         입술소
            Consonan ㅂ /p/, ㅍ /pʰ/, ㅃ /p/, together or against
     Sounds                                   the teeth.              리
            ts         ㅁ /m/
            Sibilant &
            Alveopalat ㅈ ㅊ ㅉ ㅅ ㅆ              Airflow is directed
      Teeth                                   toward the teeth,
     Sounds
            al         ㅈ /tɕ/,  ㅊ  /tɕʰ/, ㅉ / often producing a      잇소리
            Consonan tɕ/, ㅅ /s/, ㅆ /s/        hissing sound.
            ts
            Glottal &
            Pharyngea ㆆ ㅎ ㆅ ㅇ                 The sound is
     Throat                                   produced deep in the 목구멍
            l          ㆆ /ʔ/, ㅎ /h/, ㆅ /x/, throat, using the
     Sounds                                                          소리
            Consonan ㅇ/◌/ /ɦ/                 glottis or pharynx.
            ts
            Lateral &
     Semi-             ㄹ                      The  tongue  is curled
            Rhotic                            or flows smoothly, 반혓소
     Tongue            ㄹ /ɾ/  flap   or /l/
            Consonan                          producing /l/ or /r/    리
     Sounds            final position         sounds.
            ts
            Fricative
            &                                 A softer or weaker
     Semi-                                    form  of teeth
            Approxim ㅿ                                               반잇소
      Teeth                                   sounds, often
            ant        ㅿ  /z/  or /ð/         pronounced    with      리
     Sounds
            Consonan                          less obstruction.
            ts



                      #Interpretation of seven sounds


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