Appendix · Additional Notes

standards. Both [∅] and [◌] are unofficial notation methods
    used to indicate silence.
    The symbol ◌ bears a conceptual resemblance to the
    number 0 (zero), symbolizing emptiness or nonexistence.


    2. Initial consonants missing in current Hangul

    ㆁ (ŋeu-iŋ): Pronounced as [ŋ], it has been replaced by
    ㅇ in current Hangul.
    ㆆ (Yeorin Heu-iH): A sound similar to [ʔ]. It is positioned
    phonetically between ㅇ and ㅎ.
    ㅿ (Zeu-iZ): A sound close to [z].

    Although not basic initial consonants, ㅸ and ㆅ are also no
    longer in use:
    ㅸ (Yeorin Beu-iB): Pronounced as [β], representing a soft
    lip sound.
    ㆅ (Ssang HHeu-iHH): A sound similar to [x], representing
    a double aspiration.




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