Appendix · Additional Notes

concept of Chidueum (dental initials) is described as "the
    tongue touching the upper teeth." The character ᄼ
    represents a sound similar to ㅅ, but it does not undergo
    palatalization, meaning the tongue does not move upward
    toward the palate. Jeongchieum is described as "the tongue
    touching the lower gums.”
    Since Korean does not distinguish between Chidueum and
    Jeongchieum, these sounds naturally disappeared except in
    some documents where the primary purpose was to
    represent Chinese pronunciation.

    Content in the Eonhaebon in the preface of Worinseokbo

    In Chinese phonetics, there is a distinction between
    Chidueum and Jeongchieum.
    Characters like ᅎ ᅔ ᅏ ᄼ ᄽ are used for Chidueum.
    Characters like ᅐ ᅕ ᅑ ᄾ ᄿ are used for Jeongchieum.
    However, characters representing molar sounds, tongue
    sounds, lip sounds, and throat sounds are used broadly for
    Chinese pronunciation without such distinctions.




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